![]() ![]() ![]() Typically, compounds with oxygen in this oxidation state are called oxides. Oxygen's primary oxidation states are -2, -1, 0, and -1/2 (in O 2 -), but -2 is the most common. Ozone at very high altitudes in the atmosphere is responsible for protecting the Earth's surface from ultraviolet radiation however, at lower altitudes it becomes a major component of smog. However, because of its unstable nature it disappears and leaves the water unprotected from bacteria. It is a very good oxidizing agent, stronger than dioxygen, and can be used as a substitute for chlorine in purifying drinking water without giving the water an odd taste. The latter allotrope, ozone, is a pale-blue poisonous gas with a strong odor. However, compounds that contain oxygen are considered to be more thermodynamically stable than O 2. The O 2 bond is very strong, and oxygen can also form strong bonds with other elements. In general, O 2 (or dioxygen) is the form referred to when talking about the elemental or molecular form because it is the most common form of the element. It is also used in water treatment, as an oxidizer in rocket fuel, for medicinal purposes, and in petroleum refining. It is used in the manufacture of iron, steel, and other chemicals. There are many commercial uses for oxygen gas, which is typically obtained through fractional distillation. It is second to nitrogen as the most abundant element in the atmosphere. ![]() It is the most abundant element by mass in both the Earth's crust and the human body. Oxygen is a gas at room temperature and 1 atm, and is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. Not to miss out, element 102, Nobelium, No, is named in honor of Alfred Nobel, who set aside his vast fortune to establish Nobel Prizes.\): Select properties of Group 16 elements Mendeleev never received a Nobel Prize for his work, but element 101 was named Mendelevium, Md, after him. For instance they discovered phosphorus when they isolated it from urine. Over time these gaps have gradually been filled in as scientists unearthed new elements. Not only did Mendeleev arrange the elements in the correct way, but he also had the foresight to leave gaps for undiscovered elements. At that time, he had only 50 elements to arrange. He wrote the properties of the elements on pieces of card and rearranged them until he realised that, by putting them in order of increasing atomic weight, certain properties of elements regularly occurred. Then in 1869, a Russian scientist called Dmitri Mendeleev produced one of the first practical periodic tables. Several other attempts were made to group elements together over the coming decades. The earliest attempt to classify the elements was in 1789, when Antoine Lavoisier grouped the elements based on their properties into gases, non-metals, metals and earths. The discovery of other elements followed regularly and soon it became necessary to arrange them in some sort of order. However, the first scientific discovery of an element occurred in 1649 when Hennig Brand discovered phosphorous. Copper has been used by humans for as much as 7000 years and elements such as gold, silver, tin, lead and mercury have been known for many thousands of years. ![]()
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